Strategic Planning For British Airways Management Essay

Strategic Planning For British Airways Management Essay The purpose of this paper is to evaluate an effective and efficient strategic planning for airline industry providing British Airways strategic plan. British Airways leading UK market as a leader of the airline industries. This paper evaluate the British Airways strategic planning including the strategic model, Enternal and external environmental enalysis,management risk and strategic v operational risk. This paper is done by secondary data collection process which is totally qualitative data base paper. Most of the information I got from British Airways own website (www.britishairways.com) and some are from some Book, Journals and Articles. Mainly for their (British Airways) business strategy planning they are following some strategic models like Porters five forces model, PESTEL analysis, and SWOT analysis etc. By those analysis organization can understand like British airways can understand that what is their external and internal condition and what is the strength for them ,what is opportunity and weakness and based on those factors they are trying to compete with their competitors and getting good market share in the tourism and hospitality industry. Contents 3 1.1 Objectives 5 1.2 Company Overview 6 1.2.1 Company Structure 6 1.2.2 Corporate Level Structure 7 1.2.3 Business Level Structure 7 1.2.4 Functional Level Structure 7 1.3 Current Strategies 8 2.0 Environmental Analysis(External Analysis) 9 2.1 PESTEL Analysis 9 2.2 SWOT analyses 11 3.0 Strategic Planning Model 11 S 11 Internal Strengths 11 Brand Image 11   Partnerships HYPERLINK #__RefHeading__29263_575820157HYPERLINK #__RefHeading__29263_575820157 Alliances 11   Financial size and stability 11   Terminal 5 11 W 11 Internal Weaknesses 11 Poor employee relations history 11   Reliability and trust 11   Innovation HYPERLINK #__RefHeading__29277_575820157HYPERLINK #__RefHeading__29277_575820157 change 11 0 11 External Opportunities 11 Quality System 11   Competitors forced exit 11   Competitors failing on delivering reliability 11   Emergence of new markets 11 T 11 External Threats 11 Open Skies Agreement 11   Environmental awareness 11   Global economic crisis 11   Lower cost competition 11 3.1 Porters Five Forces 12 4.0 Customer Analysis 13 5.0 Competitor Analysis 15 5.1 Strategic Groups 15 6.0 Internal Analysis 17 6.1 Value Chain Analysis (VCA) 17 17 6.2 Key Strategic Issues 20 7.0 Implementation 22 8.0 Managing Risk 24 9.0 Ethics 24 10.0 Strategic V Operational Conflict 25 11.0 Recommendation 26 11.1 Financial 26 11.2 People 26 11.3 Legal 26 11.0 Conclusion 27 1.1 Objectives The main objective of this paper is to develop the internal external environmental analysis and strategic planning with risk management and business ethics. Specific objectives are following, Evaluate the current strategic position of British Airways. Analyse the strategic Planning Models for British Airways. Analyse British Airways internal and external environment. 1.2 Company Overview British Airways is the UKs largest international scheduled airline. At the side of scheduled services, BA is engaged in the operation of international and domestic carriage of freight and mail, and the ancillary services (Datamonitor, 2008). In association with codeshare and franchise partners, BA fly to more than 300 destinations, and carried more than 33 million passengers, earning over  £8.7 billion in revenue in 2007/08 (British Airways, 2008). Employee headcount in March 2008 stood at 42,377 people (Datamonitor, 2008). Since privatisation in 1987, BA has continued to grow as competition in the market has risen worldwide. In recent times, BA has successfully been labelled the worlds first airline to take part in a scheme to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (2002) and to allow passengers to print online boarding passes (2004) (British Airways, 2008). In 2005, the company saw Willie Walsh become Chief Executive of BA (Flight Global, 2008), who to date has driven the company through the completion of Terminal 5 at Heathrow, amongst other new initiatives. Despite reported and imminent industry hits due to the global economic downturn, BAs future looks promising. As BA announces its aim of becoming the worlds most responsible airline in the latest annual report (British Airways, 2008), great importance lies in developing guiding principles and careful strategic direction to allow the achievement of this goal. 1.2.1 Company Structure When implementing strategy, people are crucial to the success (Johnson et al., 2008), therefore the structure within BA will now be analysed to ensure successful implementation. 1.2.2 Corporate Level Structure (Adapted from British Airways, 2008). At a corporate level, BA has a good structure already in place. There is a new Acting Customer Director on an interim basis, Silla Maizey (British Airways, 2008). She has introduced a new customer service team working with Heathrow Customer Services, designed to put customers first. Using the current structure to implement our strategy, it is recommended that a permanent and not acting director to be recruited. In terms of the technological strategy, no amendments to the current structure are necessary as BA already have systems in place to implement new technology. 1.2.3 Business Level Structure At a business level each department will need to ensure all staff implements the strategies that have come top-down from a corporate level and work within the organisations brand values. Each department must also tailor the corporate level objectives specifically to its own targets. This will help to build the brand, improve its customer relationship focus and achieve the stated objectives. 1.2.4 Functional Level Structure Every function must coordinate with each other to ensure objectives are met and an updated operations manual must be developed. Specifically for the relations strategy, detailed targets must be stated for both the marketing and HR functions with constant data capture and analysis to see whether the targets are being met. Sufficient training on the new onboard technology will be necessary on an ongoing basis to ensure that employees are fully familiar with the service. 1.3 Current Strategies The paper will be designed in consideration of BAs current strategies: Upgrade customer experience via the introduction of text and mobile services for business class customers. Modernise aircraft fleet and offer new services. Manage cost base. Increase corporate responsibility through environmental performance and partnerships. 2.0 Environmental Analysis(External Analysis) For success within the airline industry, an awareness of the external environment is essential. This section aims to highlight the position of the industry, in particular looking at competitors and assessing BAs capability to meet current and future challenges. 2.1 PESTEL Analysis (Source: Johnson et al., 2008, p56) Figure 1-Pastel Analysis Factors BA Implication Political 1. Heavy regulation (AEA, 2009). BA: Compliance is essential if BA wants to continue operations 2.Increased security due to past terrorist threats (DFT, 2008). BA: Sufficient security measures should be in place to ensure consumer confidence and competitive advantage is maintained. Economic 1.Global economic crisis:World growth is projected to just over 2  percent in 2009 (IMF, 2008). Pound weakens especially against the Euro. BA: Possible reduction in the amount of business travel as companies are cutting costs and using alternative means of communication such as teleconferencing. BA is vulnerable as a UK operating airline to a poor exchange rate. 2. Oil prices: declined by >50 % since their peak retreating to 2007 levels. Decline in fuel price = strengthening of the dollar (IMF, 2008) BA: Fluctuations in oil prices and exchange rates will directly affect BAs cost base. 3. UK consumer spending saw its sharpest decline for 13 years between July and September 2008 (Channel 4, 2008). BA: More intense competition Social 1.The UK has an aging population (see appendix 3) (National Statistics Online, 2008). BA:Potential opportunities for growth as older generations havemore time to spend on leisure activities such as international travel. 2. Increasing unemployment (Kollewe and Sager, 2008). BA: Increased bargaining power as an employer. Technological 1.A recent survey revealed that 34% of online consumers plan to use price-comparison sites more in 2009 (NMA, 2009). BA: Increased consumer awareness and therefore bargaining power. 2. Online booking services and check-in is becoming increasingly used by the airline industry. BA: BA must ensure that they remain up to date with these technological advances whilst avoiding becoming overly reliant, as this may isolate certain consumer markets (i.e the elderly) who dont feel comfortable using such technology. Environmental/Ethical 1.Noise pollution controls,and energy consumption controls (DFT, 2008). BA:New legislation (e.g. Climate Change Bill) enforcing tighter environmental regulation may increase operational costs each year. 2.Limited land and for growing airports Expansion is difficult at Heathrow as it would result in a loss in the Londons Green belt area. (BBC News 2006) BA:Limited capacity=>utilisation of capacity. 3.Consumers are becoming increasingly green and more aware of the environmental impact of their actions. BA:Failure to adopt an integrated environmental strategy could lead to a detrimental effect on the BAs reputation and income. 4.Cancellations of flights and loss of baggage (Channel 4, 2008). BA: Such ethical issues could have a detrimental effect on reputation if left unresolved. Legal 1.Collusion and price fixing. BA:Restriction on mergers will have an impact on BAs proposed alliance with American Airlines. 2. Recognition of trade unions and industrial action e.g. Cabin Crew strikes. BA:Good employee relations are essential if BA wants to avoid industrial action and interrupted operations. 3.Open Skies Agreement (AEA, 2009) BA:Opportunity for BA and its competitors to freely transport aircraft between the EU and US. 2.2 SWOT analyses Figure 2-SWOT analyses S Internal Strengths Brand Image   Partnerships Alliances   Financial size and stability   Terminal 5 W Internal Weaknesses Poor employee relations history   Reliability and trust   Innovation change 0 External Opportunities Quality System   Competitors forced exit   Competitors failing on delivering reliability   Emergence of new markets T External Threats Open Skies Agreement   Environmental awareness   Global economic crisis   Lower cost competition 3.0 Strategic Planning Model 3.1 Porters Five Forces (Source: Johnson et al., 2008, p60) It is important to analyse the competitive nature of the airline industry in order to assess the position of BA. The Five Forces tool will enable BA to make strategic decisions in order to increase profitability. Force Strength Competitive Rivalry BA caters for both long haul and short haul flights. Within long haul there is little differentiation between BA and their competitors, in terms of price and service offering. The short haul market is more fragmented with many small players. Direct competitive rivalry is fierce, e.g. Virgin has a website opposing the proposed strategic alliance between BA and AA No Way BA/AA (Virgin Atlantic, 2008). Consolidation of competitors has increased competition. HIGH Power of Suppliers Two aircraft manufacturers = High bargaining power. BA restricted by sole supplier of fuel to the airport. Priority of landing slots is given to historic rights of existing users (IATA, 2008). BA employees use collective bargaining through trade unions in order to increase their bargaining power HIGH Power of Buyers Low concentration of buyers to suppliers means they have little bargaining power. Increased internet usage has amplified awareness and interaction of customers (Keynote, 2008c). MEDIUM Threat of New Entrants Significant barriers to entry: such as the competitive environment, high regularity requirements and high capital cost requirements. Barriers to exit are in place which deters new entrants. The failure of recent airlines such as XL and Zoom is likely to deter new entrants (Times Online, 2008). LOW Threat of Substitutes There are few direct substitutes: Short haul flights: the Eurostar or a ferry. Long haul flights: no notable substitutes. LOW 4.0 Customer Analysis Over the past decade there has been increasing complexity in customer needs, as the customer has become more educated and demanding. Particularly, the following changes have occurred: A shift in demographics to older passengers (Keynote, 2008c). Increased global connectivity allowing the usage of internet and search mediums (e.g. comparison and review websites). Increased requirement for convenience (e.g. new destinations, quick check-in). Price has become more of a priority Segments have become more defined within their needs. Evidence that BA is failing to respond to the changing customer landscape includes: The amount of BA customers recommending their services reduced from 61% in 2006/07 to 59% in 2007/08 (British Airways, 2008). BA have been criticised for slow innovation (Doganis, 2006, Pg 165). Poor reliability and baggage handling (AQR) Failed attempts to target the price conscious consumer through low cost airline operation (Eirma, 2008). 5.0 Competitor Analysis 5.1 Strategic Groups Figure 3 Strategic Group Analysis (Source: Johnson et al., 2008, p73-77.) Figure 3 illustrates that BAs direct competitors are those who operate similar services and lie within the same strategic group. The competition is likely to be most intense within this group as they are seeking similar strategies. Lufthansa and KLM-Air France are the 2 leading European Airlines Member carriers in terms of passenger numbers, with 15.1% and 14.1% respectively of the total number of passengers carried. BA comes in third with 9.3% of the total (Keynote, 2008c). BA face competition from a small number of serious contenders in the UK, with the main contenders being Virgin Atlantic, and United Airlines in the Star Alliance soon controlling BMI (Euromonitor, 2008). Although they do not lie within the same strategic group as BA the advent of low-cost air travel has changed the face of the airline industry. Airlines such as Ryanair and EasyJet have established themselves among the leading carriers in Europe, whilst the more established long-haul carriers such as BA have struggled to keep up with their counterparts growth rates. Moreover the economic downturn and sharp fall in oil prices has caused a price war between Emirates, BA and Virgin Atlantic on the London-Dubai route. Fares have dropped by 30% across the airlines. Thus competition still remains fierce. Based on the strategic group analysis it could be argued that there is a gap in the market for a low cost airline operating a high breadth of service however it is likely the reason no airlines have adopted this strategy is due to the fact that it would be destined to fail. This assumption could be supported by BAs failed attempt to enter this market in recent years (Telegraph, 2002). 6.0 Internal Analysis It is now essential to analyse the internal environment in order to formulate appropriate strategies. 6.1 Value Chain Analysis (VCA) BA have tried to control the system further by forward and backward mitigation. Through controlling many component supplies in-house, and through BA Holidays Plc, BA increases their reach in the value system to the supplier and channel value chains. Figure 6 Value Chain (Adapted from: Johnson et al., 2008, p110) SUPPORT ACTIVITIES FIRM INFRASTRUCTURE Structured hierarchy allows BA to make use of a multitude of specialist knowledge in order to gain competitive advantage over downsized firms. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Invested in the development of customer service training in 2007 attracting the best employees. Speak Up opinion survey encourages employees to provide feedback (British Airways, 2008). TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT BA has added value in this category over smaller companies due to slack resources that can be employed to innovate the service (e.g. individual LCD screens). PROCUREMENT Due to the size and historical business relationships and alliances, BA is able to leverage suppliers and through economies of scale make efficiencies where competitors may fail. PRIMARY ACTIVITIES INBOUND LOGISTICS Stock Control High quality training accredited by City Guilds (British Airways, 2008). Ongoing relationship with suppliers (e.g. Gate Gourmet. OPERATIONS Increased Baggage Security. Quick check-in services and secure online bookings with ability to pre-book additional services. OUTBOUND LOGISTICS Customer Service Large database of airport slots enable passengers to access the majority of destinations from preferred airport. MARKETING SALES Marketing communications to all stakeholders. Brand allowing for large budget to be spent in this field. POST SALE SERVICE Loyalty club card. Update communication on other services Whilst the Value Chain highlights the primary and support activities that add value to BA, there are a number of inefficiencies within these activities that arguably reduce the amount of value provided (see figure 7 and 8). Figure 7 Support Activities Value Loss SUPPORT ACTIVITIES Firm Infrastructure Large bureaucratic infrastructure decreases effective communication and increases inertia. HRM BAs employee opinion surveys attracted a mere 35% response rate in 2007 (British Airways, 2008). Due to high collective bargaining capabilities, BA has contended a number of highly publicised employee relations issues (e.g. Cabin Crew strike over pay, sickness absence, and staffing in 2007 (BBC News, 2007). Technology Development BA has failed to gain recognition for new innovation. Figure 8 Primary Activities Value Loss PRIMARY ACTIVITIES Inbound Logistics High solidarity between supplier employees and BA employees has created a history of negative industrial action. For example, in 2005, BA employees walked out for two days when Gate Gourmet employees were sacked (BBC News, 2005). Operations/Outbound Logistics TV documentary reported on Terminal Five operation difficulties, an emergency landing at LHR, poor baggage handling and flight cancellations (Channel Four, 2008). Marketing Sales A lack of innovation in their marketing communications (e.g. Virgin gaining value over BA). 6.2 Key Strategic Issues Analysis Tool Key Findings Strategic Implications PESTEL Global economic crisis. Higher regulatory requirements. Increasing environmental awareness. Decline in consumer spending. Increased use of the internet by customers. Focus on technological and environmental issues. Porters Five Forces High competitive rivalry and bargaining power of suppliers. Defensive strategies needed to protect market share. Customer Analysis Consumer trends in high convenience and high expectations of service. Ensure changing customer needs are understood and met Strategic Group Analysis Intense competition within strategic group and trend for consolidation. The biggest other threat comes from low cost airlines. Although low cost airlines are the biggest threat to BA, moving into low cost market is not deemed appropriate based on previous failed attempts. Airline Quality Review BA = poor baggage handling, poor on flight entertainment and low customer satisfaction. Service Quality needs to be improved to gain a competitive advantage GE Matrix Highest growth markets; Asia Pacific and Eastern Europe. BA has a strong opportunity for market development in Asia and Eastern Europe. The Value Chain BA adds value; financial size and stability, brand image, industry expertise, and partnerships and alliances. BA loses value to competition; employee relations and performance, marketing delivery, reliability, and slow innovation. BA needs to address the areas where value is being lost to avoid attacking competitor strategies. Resource Based View Strong resources including sole access to hub within largest UK Airport. Strong training competencies. Utilise BA core competences to gain competitive advantage. Financial Analysis Increased profits and lower operating costs. Lower gearing ratios and higher liquidity. Possibility of a loss in 2009 as a result of the economic downturn. Investment resources available. Increased scrutiny on strategic projects for risk assessment. 7.0 Implementation Based on the analysis of strategic options it is proposed that two strategies are implemented simultaneously. These strategies are a people processes focused strategy and technological advancement. Figure 12 details the objectives and performance measures of these two strategies. Figure 12 Strategy Overview Strategy Objectives Performance Measures People processes Aim: Improved stakeholder brand image profitability Utilise databases. Improve service delivery efficiency. Improve internal communication. Implement effective review monitoring. Profit margin increase of 2 3%. Increase repeat purchasing by 25%. Increase customer recommendation from 59% (2007/08) to 70%. Improve employee survey rate from 35% (2007/08) to 80% (Value Chain). Technological advancement Aim: Customer Loyalty Market Share Following succession with test internet implementation, roll out internet on-board internet access. An appropriate pricing strategy involving complimentary service for first class whilst targeting business class as the most profitable market. Continued market research to ensure that this is a valued service and seek opportunities for further development. Install equipment on remaining 244 aircraft. Increase business class market share by 10%. 80% of business class customers purchasing internet usage. Following RD implement 1 new technological service. In order for the chosen strategies to be successful effective implementation is essential to organise and enable success and to manage the changes that will impact BA. 8.0 Managing Risk Risk management helps the organization to identify and address the risks facing their business and trying to increase the probability of successfully achieving their businesses objectives. Types of risk business need to face: Strategic Compliance Financial Operational Three main risk factors affecting all airline are volatility in jet fuel price, foreign exchange and interest rate risks. Interest Rate Risk: BA utilizes swap agreements to manage its interest rate exposure. Foreign Exchange Risk: BA manages its Foreign Exchange exposure. Any surplus of foreign currency is sold at spot or forward for US dollars. 9.0 Ethics An ethics strategy should be concerned with ensuring that all corporate activities are ethical, legal, and within all regulatory guidelines.   An ethics program is more likely to be considered effective if it includes the following components: 1)  Statement of Values The creation and communication of a statement of organizational values is considered to be necessary guidance. 2)  Code of Conduct A code of conduct or an ethics policy that communicates a commitment to ethical behavior throughout the organization, and explains how these values are to be applied in representative situations. 3)  Executive Leadership and a System A plan and systems for the communication, monitoring, and enforcement of the Code of Conduct. Important consideration in this respect, include: Richard Bransons success in forcing British Airways into adopting a Code of Conduct is a warning to companies that do not have a code that they ought to consider adopting one and to those that do that they should make sure it works. Without an effective ethical policy, a company cannot be sure that ethical judgments made by employees are consistent with the strategy of the company and are made at an appropriate level within it. Ethics protects the reputation of the company. British Airways is a classic example, where large amounts of marketing investment in image were undermined by the publics perception of its actions. British Airways experience shows that management may be deluding themselves if they consider that all employees in a company will adopt their values and the strategic importance of ethicality by absorbing knowledge from superiors. 10.0 Strategic V Operational Conflict While strategic and operational planning both offer beneficial aspects, there are some key differences that should be understood. Strategic planning is the formal process of defining the requirements for delivering high payoff results, and for identifying what, and how, to get from current realities to future ones that add value to the organization. It is not rigid nor lockstep, but rather a self-correcting set of defining requirements and relationships for stating what is in terms of results, and moving ever closer to what should be the results and payoffs.   Strategic Planning is long term planning undertaken by senior management (i.e. the executives). It involves making decisions which will work toward reaching an organisations mission and vision statements. Operational planning is day to day planning undertaken by front line managers. They report to middle management and enact the leg work of the strategies developed by middle management to achieve strategic goals. 11.0 Recommendation Although strong and justified strategies have been created within the confines of the report there are a number of issues which BA should take into consideration when implementing the proposed strategies. These are considered briefly below. 11.1 Financial BA should not have much trouble in implementing these strategies. With an increasingly lower gearing ratio and better liquidity they should be able to secure some funding from financial institutions and obtain the rest from retained profits. However, with the current economic conditions, it will still be difficult to obtain funding and BA will not want to increase its gearing too much. 11.2 People The recommended strategy to improve relations will require full support from BAs workforce. As a highly unionised workforce, success in changing the employment relationship will be determined by BAs ability to work efficiently with each recognised union. In regards to implementing change, due to BAs history and size the company may experience organisational inertia or myopia. Again, improvements to customer relations may be hindered by an uncooperative workforce, highlighting the importance of ongoing training and support. Similarly, a technological stance will require BAs employees to develop service knowledge, and it is imperative for the organisation to support them in doing so on a continual basis. 11.3 Legal The use of Wi-Fi on planes is already allowed by the aviation regulators in the UK, Europe and Rest of the World. However, regulatory approval must be achieved before it can be implemented on planes flying to/from USA (Wlanbook, 2008; Row 44, 2008). The use of external legal consultants should be used when implementing both strategies to ensure that legal requirements are met, especially when performing internal and external surveys and the confidentiality of data. 11.0 Conclusion As a result of the external and internal analysis a number of strategic options were proposed. It was concluded that a combined strategy approach to improve service quality was deemed most suitable. Due to the current industry climate we have chosen a strategy to consolidate BAs position as market leader. Due to the scale and scope of BAs operations it was decided that the focus of this report would be on scheduled passenger flights. We would recommend further strategic analysis to implement SBU level strategies. Due to lack of primary research and restricted access to company information there may be limitations in our findings and recommended strategy, however we believe that if the general direction of our suggested strategic intent is followed it will lead to lead to success. Reference Johnson, G.and Scholes, K (2002) Exploring Corporate Strategy.6th Edition.London, UK Prentice Hall. Kathleen B Hass, Richard Vander Horst, Kimi Ziemski (2008).  From Analyst to Leader: Elevating the Role of the Business Analyst Management Concepts, 2008.  ISBN 1567262139. p94: As the discipline of business analysis becomes professionalized HYPERLINK http://www.theiiba.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Learning/Bodyo

Hotel Reservation

I. Statement of Scope and Objectives A. Introduction Technological innovation cause changes in the way people live. They have made lives of people easier, more comfortable and convenient and even hoteliers and services oriented companies find ways how to satisfy their customers, But how these hoteliers manage their transaction with fast and more convenient way. The Columban College Hotel & Resort is founded Dr. Susan P. Alegoria, the Dean of the College of Business Administration, with the recommending approval of the school treasurer Fr. Amado S. Censon and Rev. Fr. Daniel O.Presto the school President to the Board of Trustees – Most Reverent Bishop Florentino G. Lavarias, DD, as Chairman of the Board. Hotel now are having a hard time keeping their files in place. The procedure implemented is slow in billing. Manual handling of information may lead to inaccuracy of information because humans are prone to errors. In their reservation transaction there is a problem in shifting of schedules of the staff because the records is place only in the logbook and sometimes the staff is not aware that there is a reservation in a specific room because of it is difficult for them to find the room immediately.The proposed computerization system can reduced if not totally eliminates the errors that will be encountering. This system provides efficient and precise output because of the transaction for computation of bills. Accessing and updating records in reservation can be done with relative. It would then be easier for this company to go about their work with less effort and high efficiency. For Columban College Hotel & Resort, a manual-based transaction is still applied that serves as their primary system & when it comes to their data management which is record keeping and report generating.Such processes are done using logbooks, worksheets, price lists, calculators and a lot of human intervention. By doing so, the company has been encountering human errors such as i naccurate calculation, when turns out to be an inconvenience for them as it requires greater effort and time. To complement the need for capability to control, it is essential to develop an information system that will serve as the company’s backbone. Background of the Study Columban College Hotel & Resort was built on the premise of putting aLaboratory facility for BSHRM – Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management and BST – Bachelor of Science in Tourism students. After two years of deliberate construction, a five storey, 15 rooms building complete with three star class facilities finally open its doors on April 15, 2004. A team of experts manage and operate the Hotel Laboratory for the students to experience a first class hospitality education, making them equipped and at par with their counterparts.All Laboratory classes/subjects are done in the hotel; Front Office, Housekeeping, Kitchen Operations, Bar Tending/Cocktail Mixing, Baking with Cake D ecoration, International Cuisine, Events and Catering Management, and Culinary Arts. These specialized subjects are taught by experts from the industry and with NC II certification by TESDA. The Columban College Hotel & Resort, is the first educational hotel in Zambales and Bataan Provinces, it is located at Barrio Barretto, Olongapo City. It is ten minutes away from Subic Bay Freeport Zone, thus making it ideal for conferences, retreats and other gatherings.Nestled in the nature rich area of the Barrio Barretto with a spectacular view of Subic Bay and the mountains. This hotel and resort features very affordable room rates; one can choose from standard to deluxe rooms ranging from Php. 1,200. 00 to Php. 3,600. 00. It has function room that can accommodate 200 guests, and dining areas. The swimming pool – a mini –Olympic size pool with kiddy pool with lush tropical gardens and a roof deck overlooking the Barretto campus and Subic Bay will definitely make your stay wort hwhile. As educational hotel and resort, our tradition of impeccable service will make your stay memorable.The Columban College Hotel & Resort continues to set itself apart with its excellence in Hospitality Service and education as evidence by the result of regional culinary skills competition. The existing system in the organization contains many manual operations, including a manual registration and reservation performed by the guest which creates a problem on the receptionists recording the data that has been gathered, manual transactions of payment also created problem in paying the bills in the hotel. The Columban College Hotel & Resort is having a hard time keeping their files in place. The procedure implemented is slow in billing.Manual handling of information may lead to inaccuracy of information because humans are prone to errors. In their reservation transaction there is a problem in shifting of schedules of the staff because the records is place only in logbook and somet imes the staff is not aware that there is a reservation in a specific room because of it is difficult for them to find the room immediately. Another problem also is the marketing of the hotel because of its location and finding the prospect guests. The proposed computerization system can reduced if not totally eliminates the errors that will be encountering.This system provides efficient and precise output because of the transaction for computation of bills. Accessing and updating records in reservation can be done with relative. Reports are being generated depending on the list required by the management. It would then be easier for the company to go about their work with less effort and with high efficiency. B. Statement of the Problem MAJOR PROBLEM: Based on observation and interview done by the proponents, this study identified that the major problems experienced by the management lies on the manual process of all their operation.SPECIFIC PROBLEMS: 1. Slow Process – It ta kes time to prepare a billing report and billing statement of the clients and unable to determine quickly the availability of the rooms in order to assign new clients to their respective rooms because they are still using manual process. 2. Data Security – Their records will get lost or damaged because their data is not secured and sometimes the receptionists overlooks the records of the reservations and assigns different clients on the same room and same date which makes the manual system unreliable. 3.Intensive labor – They have difficulties on searching clients’ records and scanning the log books for the availability of the rooms it also needs effort in order to compute the billing statement. C. Objectives of the Study GENERAL OBJECTIVE: The general objective is to design and develop a Hotel Management System for Columban College Hotel & Resort, Barrio Barretto, Olongapo City. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: 1. To be able to develop a system that will speed up the proce ss of operation. The receptionists will have an ease using this system because our proposed system is capable on computing the payments that clients have made. . To be able to secure a program by creating a different user level of security The proposed system will have a capability to create a back-up of the recent database and the records are protected because the only person who can access their records is the receptionists. 3. To be able to develop a system that will ease the job of different user. With one glance the room’s status will be shown whether it is available, occupied and reserved. The receptionists would no longer look throughout all the rooms’ information on the log book one by one. D. Scope and Limitations ScopeThis study will cover the management of the rooms, the system will show the information of the room if it is occupied or available. The system will provide the computerization of the costumers’ total. The system will record the clientsâ⠂¬â„¢ information and the transaction they settled. Limitations The system limits the direct usage of the system by the clients, only the receptionists can operate the system. Editing guest information & transactions can only be made by the receptionists. E. Locale of the Study Figure 1. 0 The Columban College Hotel & Resort is located at Rizal Ext. Barrio Barretto, Olongapo City, near the Columban College, Barretto Campus. F. Significance of the Study This study aims to provide a Hotel Management System for Columban College Hotel & Resort. With regards to the billing of the guest, the system will be responsible in computing their payment and checking the availability of all rooms. Receptionists: They will consume less time and effort interacting with their clients. Having this system, they can easily access or check the status of the rooms depending on its types. And they can easily give the bill of the clients because it was already computed by the system.Clients: Their clients wi ll not have to wait for a long period of time for the room that will be assigned to them and their bill. Company: The hotel will have a better transaction process and ease in their guest management. II. Review of Related Literature and Studies A. Related Literature This chapter is a discussion of the background, aims and objectives of the present study. This chapter deals with the review of related literature. The purpose of the study of research works done in the same field is to understand what type of study has been done and what exactly has been explored before the present research work started.The system provide the reception an easy way for searching on rooms, listing off rooms, inserting the client information, making reservation for rooms and doing payment process. This will be created by four students of Columban College. They are Jon Roel Lasala(BSCS), Kristian Castillo(BSCS), Steven Ocampo(BSIT) and Rosendo Luy(BSIT). B. RELATED STUDIES Foreign Webraydian (2007) asserted that to run a hotel successfully it is important that the hotel management should be good before making any change in the trends one should take a look to every aspects as any changes in the trend also have a wide impact on the diverse industries.Rutherford (2009) asserted that the hotel business should be done in terms of the guest interest as well because of the growing concern over environment friendly service. O’Fallon (2010) asserted that the hotel business is one of the most competitive businesses in the world or the better words is â€Å"most cut throat†. Michael said that hotel reservations software allows hotels and resorts to manage reservation software allows hotels and resorts to manage reservations, set rates, offer discounts and monitor room allocations. Most otel reservation systems include hotel management software, hotel reservation and billing software, hotel reception software and hotel accounting software modules. Global Marketing asserted that comm unicating with all of these channels in order to keep them current on your inventory and rates, requires in some cases, daily manual intervention with multiple faxes and phone calls. More importantly, verifying the accuracy of each channel’s current allotment and rate by property is critical but rarely automated. Most times hotel operators do not know where or how their rooms are being sold or at what rate until the booking confirmation arrives.Waller said that is hotel hotel reservation software is really a necessary need. Pencil and paper booking sheets for example tend to get the job done, yes? That may be so, but also considers that with hotel reservation software, such booking sheets can be printed out, and many software packages can be configured to most any language. Martindale, asserted that another great feature about using hotel reservation is you can select from any hotel in the area that you want to stay at, even of your budget wouldn’t normally allow you t o afford it.With the online system you can browse the different hotels available in the area, and see if they have only a discounted price or if they will allow you to create your own price. This many sound strange, but especially during off peak times many hotel want people to spend something to stay in their room to help increase their annual revenue. Charya, asserted that Hotel Management system helps the hotel administrators to accommodate special request, booking checkouts, etc. They keep sending reminders highlight the important dates for the benefits of the customers.It also gives the hotel administration leverage in terms of making immediate adjustments as and when something unexpected turn ups. Schneider said that room management is simple and cost effective because a guest room management system can ensure maximum user-friendly and cost effectiveness. Assuresoftware. com testified that the management software can help your people get more out of every minute, every hour, a nd every workday. It is designed to boost productivity by simplifying scheduling rooms and resources. LocalValenzuela (2003) asserted that computer-based hotel reservation and billing system can reduce errors that will be encountered. This system provides efficient and precise output because of the transaction for computation of bills. Reports are being generated depending on the list required by the management since computerization of all companies are being encourage; there is need for hotels to adapt computerized operation too. Razal (2004) testified that the reservation and information are essential to attract clients and customers, so when they see that the establishment that can be added to their success.Wong (2004) concluded that reservation system will lessen the work of the employees and would really help them a lot in managing the hotel and it would be much easy to organize all transactions of the hotel. Capistrano (2005) asserted that reservation system enhance the existi ng business operation and give further improvement for the business process. Fuerte (2005) concluded that an application of IT technology in any business firms hold the key to competitiveness towards development and success in the business.Ramirez (2005) asserted that reservation system will benefit not only the company but customers as well, because it will increase the efficiency of the employees working operation. Daduya (2006) claimed that organized and fast retrieval of information computerization of their reservation and registration process is need, for them to have fast and accessible transaction. Mirador (2007) asserted that reservation system is deemed significant because it will be different from the traditional process of reservation.This will reinstate the manual process of reservation which probably creates difficulty for the people the who are responsible in reservation. C. Analysis on Related Literature and Studies As summary, Hotel Reservation System is an advance p rocess of managing hotel reservation; check in, check out of costumers. It is a user friendly and helps the hotel receptionist to accommodate special request, booking, checkouts. They keep sending reminders and highlight the important dates for the benefits of the costumers.Therefore, hotel that uses Computer based system needs to conduct day training for the users/receptionist to be literate in hotel management system and to avoid difficulties in making reservation of costumers. It lessens the time consume doing the hotel reservation. It is a replacement for manual reservation. A system more convenient and user friendly and compiling of files is more accurate and more sufficient than compiling it manually. It is more easy-driven to ensure faster and reliable data by processing of information in database. III. Methodologies A. Methods of Research StudyIn this chapter, the proponents described the method of research used and data gathering procedure, tools and data processing techniq ues. The Proponents used the different gathering materials like internet, books and previous study similar to the proposed study. After collecting and analyzing the data that we gather we found out some of the problems and establish our main objectives that served to be our guidelines for pursuing the system. Those gathered information from questionnaire, surveys and interviews can solved to the problem of the Columban College Hotel & Resort for their manual process. B.Data Gathering Techniques The proponents used the Descriptive Method; it is designed to investigate and to gather information about the present situation. This was the chosen method of the proponents because the method can help the proponents obtain the information they need. There are different ways to gather the information needed for the proponents to understand more about the current system of Columban College and how can the people adjust in the new system that is going to be implemented. The facts and informatio n that was gathered by the proponents was obtained by the use of Observation, Interview and Survey.Observation – this first stage to be done because before doing the interview and survey the proponents needs to observe what kind of environment the locale of the study have, what kind of people is involved and the educational attainment of each people. This technique is very helpful in gathering the needed data because conducting the observation opened some issues and problems that the study will encounter. Interview – by conducting the interview, all the questions and issues of the proponents was brought up and was answered.Interviews were done with the different people who are involves and in-charge of the Columban College Hotel & Resort. Survey – this was used by proponents to determine the percentages of the students who agree and disagree on the proposed system. Using this technique gives the proponents the opportunity to understand the situation of the stude nts in the existing system. The techniques/ways discussed above will not be obtained without the instruments used in data gathering. These instruments were performed carefully and accurately to have a very reliable result in the study.The instruments used to gather the information needed are the Library and the Internet. Library – the proponents used the Library to gather some important information that can help improve the study. It also played a very big part in the study itself; the Library contains a lot of reliable information regarding the study that helped the proponents. Internet – the internet played a vital role in gathering the information needed. The internet nowadays contains information that are not that reliable and accurate, the proponents carefully compared the results and comments of the other readers in the internet to have a result that is reliable.The proponents used survey form as one of the most important method in data gathering. A set of survey questions was given to at least 30 respondents including employee and guests of Columban College Hotel & Resort, who gives the proponents a specific knowledge and help us in identifying the common problems they are facing in a relation to the study. The proponents used Percentile Method to determine the quantities and percentage of the responses in the survey. 1. Sampling Design A project for: Columban College Hotel & Resort Rizal Ext. , Barrio Barretto, Olongapo CityDear respondents, This survey aims to collect data in accordance to the study â€Å"Columaban College Hotel & Resort Management System†. Kindly answer the question honestly and accurately. Please do not leave any statement unmarked. Your response will be highly appreciated. Thank you very much. God Bless! I. Personal Information Name (Optional):_____________________________________________ Age: 12- 16 17- 21 21- 30 30 & above Gender: Male Female II. Questionnaires 1. Is the reservation process on the hotel fast enough? 3D YesNo 2.Was your reservation handled courteously and correctly? 3D YesNo 3. Was the check-in process was timely and efficient? YesNo 4. Was your suite clean and properly maintained? YesNo 5. Were your arrival and departure experiences handled courteously and efficiently? YesNo 6. Do you think that the computerization of the reservation can affect the performance of the hotel? YesNo 7. Did the resort exceed your expectations? YesNo 8. Would you stay at the resort if you were to return to this area? YesNo Letter of Interview Columban College Hotel & Resort Rizal Ext. , Barrio Barretto Olongapo City Dear Sir/Madam:Greetings! We are graduating students of College of Computer Studies taking up Bachelor of Science in Information Technology and Computer Science. Currently, we are enrolled in our Thesis Writing Technology where we are required to design a system for a particular organization or industry. In relation to this, we planned to design â€Å"Columban College Hotel & Re sort Management System† and we are seeking for your assistance for us to conduct an interview and data gathering at your most convenient time. Rest assured that the information that we will get will be treated with much confidentiality.We are looking forward for the consideration that you can give to our request. You may reach us through the following number: 09072316910 or email us at [email  protected] com Sincerely, _________________ Noted by: Jon Roel Lasala ________________________ _________________ Mr. Ronnie D. Luy Kristian Castillo Thesis Adviser _________________ Steven Nicco Carangalan _________________ Rosendo Luy 2. Respondents Figure 2. 0 The receptionist of Columban College Hotel & Resort Figure 3. 0 Readying for interview on Mr.Elmer Callo, Assistant Manager of the CCHR Receptionist The receptionist will be observed by the proponents to know what is the possible problems that are occurring in performing the manual operations in the hotel. Guests The proponents will conduct a survey of how the manual operations of hotel affect the satisfaction of the guests. Administrators The proponents will interview the administrators of the hotel to know what problems they are experiencing in the hotel. C. Statistical Treatment of Data 1. Percentile Method to determine the quantities and percentage of the responses in the survey.Survey forms will be given to the employees and some guests of the Columban College Hotel & Resort. N N Formula: P = f x 100 Where: % = Percentage f = Frequency N = Total Number of Respondents D. Collected Data and Information Result of Survey The results of the survey were discussed on this study and the following questions that were answered by the respondents: 1. Is the reservation process on the hotel fast enough? | | Frequency| Percentage| Yes| 7| 23%| No| 23| 77%| Total| 30| 100%| Table 1. 0 Figure 2. 0 2. Was your reservation handled courteously and correctly? | | Frequency| Percentage|Yes| 17| 56%| No| 13| 44%| Total| 30| 100%| Table 1. 1 Figure 2. 1 3. Was the check-in process was timely and efficient? | | Frequency| Percentage| Yes| 11| 36%| No| 19| 64%| Total| 30| 100%| Figure 2. 2 4. Was your suite clean and properly maintained? | | Frequency| Percentage| Yes| 22| 73%| No| 8| 27%| Total| 30| 100%| Table 1. 3 Table 2. 3 5. Were your arrival and departure experiences handled courteously and efficiently? | | Frequency| Percentage| Yes| 18| 60%| No| 12| 40%| Total| 30| 100%| Table 1. 4 Figure 2. 4 6. Do you think that the computerization of the reservation can affect the performance of the hotel? | Frequency| Percentage| Yes| 28| 93%| No| 2| 7%| Total| 30| 100%| Table 1. 5 Figure 2. 5 7. Did the resort exceed your expectations? | | Frequency| Percentage| Yes| 15| 50%| No| 15| 50%| Total| 30| 100%| Table 1. 6 Figure 2. 6 8. Would you stay at the resort if you were to return to this area? | | Frequency| Percentage| Yes| 21| 70%| No| 9| 30%| Total| 30| 100%| Table 1. 7 IV. Modelling and Technical Ba ckground A. Software Model The proponents adopt the System Development Life Cycle because this will act as the proponent’s guide in creating the proposed system. Figure 3. 0SDLC is a process used by IT analysts in order to develop or redesign high quality software system which meets both the customer and the real world requirement taking into consideration all associated aspects of pros and cons of software testing, analysis and post process maintenance. B. Theoretical Framework This chapter will discuss the different process and methods of creating the needed system of the organization through the guidelines that the proponents created in their researches and findings. This chapter also involves the different phases that will act as guide that will be an essential to the creation of the proposed system.Additional information Additional information PLANNING PLANNING DISCOVEERY DISCOVEERY INFORMATION GATHERING INFORMATION GATHERING REPORTING REPORTING Figure 4. 0 Theoretical F ramework C. Conceptual Framework Proposed System Proposed System Check for room availability Check for room availability Show and compute for the bills Show and compute for the bills Create a back-up for database Create a back-up for database Give the needed information Give the needed information Give the room desired by the client Give the room desired by the client Give the payment Give the payment Client Client Receptionist ReceptionistFigure 5. 0 Conceptual Framework This figure shows the concept of the proposed system, It will tackles how the process of interaction between the receptionist and the guests. 1. Paradigm/IPO Diagram Figure 6. 0 Paradigm The IPO model has many interdisciplinary applications, and is used to convey systems fundamentals in  IT  overview  education  and as a brainstorming, preliminary investigation tool in  systems development processes  such as the  SDLC. V. Systems Analysis and Design A. Systems Analysis 1. Existing System Columban Coll ege Hotel & Resort is currently performing all their process in manual operation. . User Requirements/ Requirements Specifications User Requirements | Developer Requirement| Automated Billing Statement| Create a system that will automatically generate billing statement| Computer-based viewing Room Status| Include the room status in the features of the program| Computer Reservation| Create a Database Management System| Computer-based Check in/out| Create a system that will manage the Check in/out of the clients| Computerized Adding/Viewing of Clients’ information| Create a Database Management System| Table 2. 0 User Requirements 3. Feasibility Study 3. Technical Feasibility Columban College Hotel & Resort is in need of a computer-based system to be able to operate faster and more efficiently. The system project primarily intends to avoid inconsistencies during operation. Also, implying the use of computerized processes avoids inaccurate report of billing amounts and miscalcula tion of transactions. Microsoft Office 2010 offers flexible and powerful new ways to deliver your best work—at the office, at home, or at school. Create standout reports and presentations with tools that help you capture your ideas more creatively.Stay connected to your projects, even when you’re away from your computer, with access to Office files via Web browser or Windows phone. 1  Work efficiently with others by sharing, editing, and reviewing files at the same time—even across geographies and time zones. Adobe Photoshop  is a  graphics editing program  developed and published by  Adobe Systems. Photoshop files have default file extension as  . PSD, which stands for â€Å"Photoshop Document. † A PSD file stores an image with support for most imaging options available in Photoshop.These include layers with  masks,  color spaces,  ICC profiles, CMYK Mode (used for commercial printing), transparency, text,  alpha channels  and  sp ot colors,  clipping paths, and  duotone  settings. This is in contrast to many other file formats (e. g. .JPG or . GIF) that restrict content to provide streamlined, predictable functionality. A PSD file has a maximum height and width of 30,000 pixels, and a length limit of 3 Gigabytes. Visual Basic  is a  third-generation  event-driven programming language  and  integrated development environment  (IDE) from  Microsoft  for its  COM programming model first released in 1991.Visual Basic is designed to be relatively easy to learn and use. Visual Basic was derived from BASIC  and enables the  rapid application development (RAD)  of  graphical user interface (GUI)  applications, access to  databases  using  Data Access Objects,  Remote Data Objects, or  ActiveX Data Objects, and creation of  ActiveX  controls and objects. VBA  is effectively the same language as Visual Basic but VBA-code is tied to Microsoft Office and can only run wit hin that environment. The  scripting languageVBScript  is a subset of Visual Basic. . 2 Economical Feasibility The Economic Feasibility will be the basis if the said proposal is economically feasible; Every company knows that cost is one of the major problems to be considered in making a proposed system, if it affordable or not. However, the only thing that the shop need is hosting the proposed system and it is less expensive. The proposed system just need to acquire an internet connection and have knowledge on computer and it will be possible for them to get their needs and information by just browsing.The economic feasibility will illustrate the expenses needed to be able to implement the proposed system successfully below. Since the Columban College Hotel & Resort has already has a one (1) complete set of personal computer, there is no need to buy a new one. Software Specification Software Components| Description| | Windows 7| | Microsoft Office 2010| | Visual Basic 6. 0| Har dware Specification Hardware Components| Description| | Intel DUAL CORE E5300 2. 6Processor| | INTEL DG41RQ DDR800/ 6CHN/ GLAN/ QUAD/| | 2 GB DDR2 PC800| Hard disk SEAGATE 250GB 7200 SATA| | Monitor AOC9315l 18. 5† Black| | AVR 500 watts| | A4Tech Slim PS2 KBS-720 Black| | A4tech Optical Mouse OP6200 USB| 3. 3 Operational Feasibility Operational feasibility is this will focus whether the system will be productive if it is being developed and implemented. Whether there will be affect from user or there will be possible application benefits. Operational feasibility, this is how the system will solve the following problem or how it satisfies the requirements analysis phase of the development.ITEM| UNIT| PRICE| QTY. | FREQ. (1 Acad. Yr. )| TOTAL| Bond Paper| Ream| Php. 200. 00| 1| 20pcs. | Php. 4,000. 00| Ink| Cartridge| Php. 350. 00| 1| 1| Php. 350. 00| Log Book| | Php. 35. 00| 1| 12pcs. | Php. 420. 00| Total| | | | | Php. 4,770. 00| Table 4. 0 Operational Feasibility Electricity Consumption and Cost Rate/kW = Php. 5. 90 (based on ZAMECO II) Amount = (unit’s watt/1,000kW) *rate *hours usage ITEM| UNIT WATTS(1 Acad. Yr. )| HOURS USAGE| COST| Personal Computer| 225W| 24hrs. (min)| Php. 4,032. 00| Table 4. 1 Operational Feasibility 3. 4 Time FeasibilityTime feasibility will say the schedule if the project being done. And how many months it is being cover. This Gantt chart show how does data gathering being done and even the design phase and maintenance are show in the Gantt chart. Bars show the time being consumed in one task to other task until we fulfil all the requirements needed by the clients. Figure 7. 0 Gantt Chart 3. 5 Feasibility Analysis Executive Summary After the proponents gather all the essential information needed, the proponents is convinced that the proposed system will be feasible in implementing.The proposed system requires both hardware and software components to keep the system running. For the receptionists, the Visual Basic 6. 0 i s needed to run the system. It is important to create a back-up of database to keep the information and transactions safely. Since the needed software and hardware were available in the hotel, the proponents will only now focus in implementing the system to know whether the proposed system will truly help the Columban College Hotel & Resort. 4. Risk Analysis Risk| Source| Action| Risk level|Data corruption through loss or alteration of data without the application’s knowledge and consent| Receptionist error (accidental file deletion)| Recover file| High| | Software bugs (unexpected conditions and responded to incorrectly| Update anti-virus, delete any virus founds| Medium| Data corruption through willful action| Externally, from viruses and worms| Create back-up data| Medium| Acts of God| Earthquake, floods, etc. | Create back-up data| Low| Table 5. 0 Risk Analysis B. System Design 1. Proposed System This research describes an adaption of a hotel reservation system in Columba n College Hotel & Resort.Computer technology has made our lives much easier and convenient. Years ago, people had to manually input important information of their guest, now you just use the computer to find this information. In just one click, instantly find the guest name, rooms & rates, address, email address, phone numbers and so on. By investigating their existing reservation, the guest input the information manually in reservation form. It is hassle for the guest to do a reservation as well as to the receptionist. It is time a waste of time, effort and the things that is needed for the reservation.Proponents will implement the proposed system in Columban College Hotel and Resort. All you need is computer and a user, by just opening the application. It is a very reliable, efficient and convenient. It is much easier to for the receptionist to look at the database and see if the guests are already paid or if the room is already occupied or unoccupied and so on and so forth. 2. Ob ject-Oriented Analysis and Design 2. 1 UML Class Diagram Figure 8. 0 Class Diagram 2. 2 Use Case Diagram System System Check Room Information Check Room Information Input Customer InformationInput Customer Information Update System Update System Edit information Edit information Add Subcharges Add Subcharges Total Payment Total Payment Figure 9. 0 Use Case Diagram 2. 3 Use Case Description Use Case| Input reserved information| Actor| Receptionist| Description| Input data information about room reserved| Trigger| When a customer wants to reserve for room| Pre-conditions| Customers wants to reserve room| Post-conditions| System will be updated| Normal Flow| All information about reservation must be encoded| Priority| High| Frequency of Use| In all guest to booked in the hotel|Table 6. 4 Use Case| Updates System| Actor| Receptionist| Description| Updating of system in every time there is new booking schedule| Trigger| New inputs/booking schedule is given| Pre-conditions| Guest requeste d for room reservation| Post-conditions| Input/information given is updates to the system| Priority| High| Frequency of Use| In all guest to booked in the hotel| Table 6. 5 Use Case| Edit information| Actor| Receptionist| Description| Editing of customer and room information| Trigger| When information needs to be updated| Post-conditions| System will update changes|Normal Flow| Editing is always done when changes are needed to be done in the customer information| Includes| Data Verification| Table 6. 6 Use Case| Total payment| Actor| Receptionist| Description| Adding all the expenses in the information| Post-conditions| Payment will be done according to the total amount| Normal Flow| | Includes| | Priority| | Frequency of Use| | Business Rules| | Table 6. 8 2. 4 System Sequence Diagram 3. Network Diagram/System Architecture Proposed System Proposed System Receptionist Receptionist Database Management System Database Management SystemFigure 11. 0 Network Diagram Network Diagram  is the  conceptual model  that defines the  structure and behaviour of a  system. 4. Database Structure 4. 1 Entity Relationship Diagram 4. 2 Data Dictionary 4. 3 Relational Databases 5. System Interfaces 5. 1 System Inputs Guest Reservation Form This is where the receptionist will input the essential information of the guest, it will also show how much the guest will pay about the chosen room. This is where the additional necessity will be ordered by the guest and the receptionist will process the transaction 5. 2 System Outputs . 3 Process Specifications 5. 4 Integrity Controls All bits of information or data that are gathered in the guest will be stored in the system and its database. Only the receptionist can modify the system in the server through the approval of who might be the one should be approving it. That person who will be approving it will depend on the agreement of the company or policy. 5. 5 Security Controls The proposed system has the capability to back-up th e database of all it saved information. The system will have passwords where only receptionist can access it.Any antivirus programs with high integrity will be used to protect the system. 6. Automation Boundary The proposed system will be about reservation of room accommodation and other services. The system will not be providing automated billing. 7. Initial Gap Analysis The existing system is all about manual operation by filling up form of reservation, unlike the proposed system all you need to do is encode the information. Other advantage of the proposed system its more efficient if compiling reservation form. It is also more accurate in reviewing data information about the previous accommodations.Chapter VI A. Implementation Activities In order to successfully implement the proposed system for Columban College Hotel & Resort, the proponents need to orient the Receptionist, Manager and Owner on how the process of the proposed system works and on how the system should be handled, after orientation and installation the system will be tested and will be evaluated for further revisions or enhancement that are still needed to include on the proposed system. B. Testing 1. Unit Testing The system administrator and other users will be involved in testing the program.The users are allowed to explore the system then let them take notes if there are any flaws in it or if there are anything that needs to improve. Then the proponents will debug the system then re-run the testing for further adjustment and debugging until the system will be fully operational. ALPHA TESTING Alpha testing is a form of preliminary software field test carried out by a team of users in order to find bugs that were not found previously through other tests. The main purpose of alpha testing is to refine the software product by finding and fixing the bugs that were not discovered through previous tests.This indicate the stages of the process how the system response to its given task. The testin g is conducted in order to know how the systems deliver the required response regarding with its performance. Based from the test that has been establish in using alpha testing, the proponents comes up from the first part of testing the system, there were things that must be change. One of the changes that need to be change is the abolishing of the manual procedure of the hotel, 2. Integration Testing 3. Usability TestingAfter all operation testing are done, the Hotel Management System receptionist will seek for questions regarding the improvements of the system. After gathering some information, adjustment or improvements will be done in the system depending on how big are the problems need to be change in the system. 4. User Acceptance Test As all the adjustment or improvements are done, the system will be tested again by the Users and will be re-evaluated if the system already fulfilled the User’s satisfaction. C. Change Request and Error Reports D. Deployment 1. Deploymen t Approaches 2. User’s TrainingIn order for the system to fully-implement in the oraganization, the users must undergo training in order to gain enough knowledge in computer. The training will be about familiarizing in the operating system which is the Windows7 so that the user wil use will know where to go in accessing the system, then the Microsoft Visual Basic. net in order for them to easily understand the environment of the syetm because the system is made through the said software. Then, also most importantly is the users must be trained on how to use the system. The training will be conducted in their free time.In terms of the untoward incident that will happen in the system during the operation, the users are obligued to go out series of trainings for the debugging of the system as well as the system’s maintenace. 3. System Maintenance 1. Problem Report During the previous process, the problems aroused in the system are the following: 2. Manual Changing and Upd ating of records The Hotel’s office consists of many files of the clients and inventories. Since, the office piled up with many files there are many records that needed to be recorded in a new form and add to the database.And also the files are not be placed consequently because the files are only been placed to the filling cabinet in the office. 3. Employees are not Computer Confident The Front Desk Employees does not have sufficient knowledge about computer. Regarding with this, the proponents suggested to have leave and conduct training or seminar. 1. Policies and Procedures Policies Policies may vary depending on the desire of Columban College Hotel & Resort Management, but the proponents suggest the following policies: 1. Only the Admin are in charge of adding, editing and deleting the System Users 2.The system data base should be backed-up every week in case of data crash or other unexpected circumstances 3. The Computer should be place in a nice atmosphere to prevent o verheating. 4. No other employee other than the Receptionist, Manager and owner can directly use the system. 5. In the reservation transaction, down payment is needed in order to confirm the reservation, the receptionist will inform the client that the registration will be cancelled if the guest didn’t arrive 2 hours after the expected time of arrival and the down payment will serve as the registration fee. Chapter VIIConclusion and Recommendation A. Conclusion The Hotel Management System have already been completed. It really made a significant difference as compared with the present existing system of the hotel since it was done through interfaces of computers. The usage of the system truly provides the advancement of technology, towards a fast access of information. The proponents therefore conclude that it is more reliable to make use of the proposed system as it is able to reduce data redundancies and inconsistencies, in which the administrator and receptionist experienc ed while using the existing system.The proposed system is guaranteed to be secured and will make the work of the receptionist faster and more convenient. B. Recommendation The proponents recommend the implementation of the system as it would speed up and make more efficient the processes involved in managing rooms. Full testing before implementation is suggested. The system will not cover how the payment will be done, whether they will use credit card or bank transactions.Stand-alone computer unit is used in the system but in the future purposes the respondents can use two or more computer unit for the manager and the management if needed. The user level must be considered always for the security of the files and every transaction. Because of technology the needed for improvement never stop, therefore the proponents recommend to the next future proponents to add more features to the system to become more useful and to satisfy the future needs of the business.

Managing Children’s Behaviour

When children go to preschool, they have to sit still, listen to the teacher and their classmates, understand and obey rules, and get along with others. Many of these children were unprepared to meet these new expectation when they first arrive at a preschool. These are some of the reasons for behavioural issues in preschool. Teachers who encounter these children may not have received much training in classroom management and may not know how to help them change their behaviour. Therefore, the teacher may respond with frustration and anger, inadvertently creating more problems. The teachers may in turn feel stressed and unsupported. Disruptive behaviours like hitting, complaining and disobeying will be discussed in details. Hitting Children may hit others or themselves for a variety of reasons in order to gain attention. Children get angry easily as they have a lack of self-control. Younger children in particular may sometimes have trouble communicating. This is because they may not know the words to describe how they feel or what they want, therefore they act out their feeling s or needs. Analysis of child management approach and benefits and challenges of such approach will also be discussed further. An eclectic approach is a combination of strategies and not a one size fits all approach. It has active involvement and can select the most appropriate strategy for a specific child at a specific time. Different discipline encounters will need different strategies. An eclectic approach also uses the decision-making model of child guidance. It identifies the problem and problem ownership.

Child Profile Essay - 711 Words

For this project we had to collaborate and create a presentation that models a child profile. Our student was 17 year old Aaron, who is apart of Chatsworth Senior High School’s Life Skills program. This program is a transitional program designed for students to receive education in the morning and obtain job experience for the last half of the day. Aaron is currently working at his father’s business, but it has been reported that there are numerous problems with Aaron’s behavior and skills. His father has asked for help in fixing this predicament because he doesn’t want to fire his son. As a group, it is up to us to analyze the information and decide a proper course of action for Aaron. The problems highlighted by Mr. Martinson have†¦show more content†¦He could be allowed to do tasks on his own, but when he does need help he should be able to receive. If the work site feels they need help with accommodations also receive help from two organizatio ns called, National Collaborative on Workforce and Disability for Youth and Job Accommodation Network. Mr. Martinson and the other owner can ask these organization what necessary accommodations are and how to obtain them. NCWD can also help supplement Aarons job training in the Life Skills program. In School the teacher’s need to adapt their strategies and environments to help adapt Aaron to required standards of holding a job, Standard 5: Instructional Planning and Strategies and Standard 2: Learning Environments. They can provide assistive tech that can improve his critical thinking and responses. He could even use something like a pager to give him reminders of specific tasks to be done at and done by certain times. It was also clearly stated that Aaron also had organizational problems so you can make it a requirement for Aaron to keep a binder for your class. You can tell him when you will collect it and you can reward him based on how good it is. This will teach him how important it is to organize for the sake of neatness and time efficiency and thus possibly translate to his job. I feel this exercise was great in simulating a revaluation. We all had to take our roles and examine the case and research as well as find areas where we canShow MoreRelatedStress and Psychological Well Being in Families With Autistic Children960 Words   |  4 Pagesresponsibilities of raising a child with autism can be multiplied and easily create a hectic situation where parents feel the pressure under such circumstances and suffer psychological symptoms that can be overwhelming to both parents and siblings of children with autism. Children with autism suffer a myriad of social, behavioral, and language abnormalities. An individual with such a dense profile can have a huge impact on the normal functioning of the family. 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The essay will first show that the internet creates a virtual community which allows interaction between teenagers and that increases the chances of meeting a cybercriminal onlineRead MoreSocial Networking Sites Bring More Benefits Than Harms.843 Words   |  4 Pagessocial networking sites show that these sites have become an essential daily necessity for people who are using them. These sites serve as a great way for people to meet new friends from every part of the world. They are able to create their own profile in these social networking sites and start making new friends. They can find users who have the same interests to them with the help of advanced search tools and that can be the starting point of a great friendship or relationship. Many pe ople meetRead MoreAge Restrictions On Social Media977 Words   |  4 Pagestheir children. The threat from pedophiles causes an enormous problem for millions of children on social media sites. Unfortunately, Western Daily Press states that â€Å"Pedophiles can get away with grooming young teenagers on social media sites.† My essay will argue that age restrictions need to be in place, and additional regulations should ensure that law enforcement agencies have the tools required to supervise underage children s use of social media, including Facebook and Twitter. Quoting fromRead MoreSurveillance And Information Technologies For Administration And Control Processes Essay1191 Words   |  5 Pagesrecognition software and data-collection. Lyon suggests, these technological developments and worldwide economic restructuring, along with the commercialisation of the internet has lead to both localisation and globalisation of surveillance (Lyon, 3) This essay will discuss its ubiqu ity, three key purposes of surveillance, social, commercial and state/or government surveillance and how the law manages. When living in a contemporary, western context, one is endlessly subject to surveillance and it is nearRead MoreInternet Censorship Essay example968 Words   |  4 PagesAustralia’s prominent think tank when researched about online habit of Australian teenagers and the dangers related to internet. This essay will discuss about the advantages and disadvantages of internet censorship plan in Australia. The Australian internet censorship plan has some advantages. First of all, it protects children out of trouble with the daily life, online child abuse as well as pornography websites. When children surf the web they don’t know which page is good for them and which one isRead MoreWhat Pit Bulls Can Teach Us About Profiling1386 Words   |  6 Pagesnow I was experiencing the consequences. Malcolm Gladwell, a writer for The New Yorker wrote the essay â€Å"Troublemaker; What Pit Bulls can teach us about profiling†. He comments on society’s habit to veer into the territory of generalizations and stereotypes. Utilizing examples such as pit bulls, Muslims as terrorists, and the New York Police Department, to convey his point. He first structures his essay by agreeing with the judgment of banning pit bulls. Unexpectedly, he takes a turn and declares thatRead MoreWhy Social Media Should Have Better Age Restrictions Essay883 Words   |  4 Pageswith a parent s permissi on. Despite these clearly stated and published age restrictions, large and growing numbers of children 12 and under are using social media networks, often with their parent s knowledge and consent. (Graber, D. 2014) This essay is being presented to argue the need for better reinforcement of age restrictions on social media. First, let us address the issue of bullying. Bullying has been around basically since the beginning of time. But, I want to take a look at exactly what